The setting of 20th century literature

 Dystopian Literature 

Dystopian Literature is a gener of fiction set in future  or near future societies where life and social structure are in calamitous decline . Authors of dystopian Literature typically use the setting to examine social and political system and contemplate what would happen if these systems were amplified . The result is often a society in shambles with rampant oppression  violence  poverty and revolution . 

The etymology of the word dystopian describes these settings succinctly but perfectly by combining the Ancient Greeks days meaning bad top meaning place dystopian literally means bad  place 

The Characteristics of  Dystopian Settings 

Many Dystopian shere similar characteristics including

Economic Challenge

There's widespread poverty that the citizens must endure or there are Messive gaps in wealth that create a rulling class of elites and relegate everyone else to a life of scarcity and hardship .

Environmental damge

Environmental devastation weaks Havoc on the lives and fates of the character this destruction might take the form of major weather events like earthquakes or floods claims change and it's disastrous effects or the  ramifications of pollution overpopulation or disregard for the planet and it's finite resources .

Government influence

 Typically there's eighter no government overseeing law order and civilization or there's a domineering government that control and monitors the lives of citizens 

Loss of freedom or individual identity 

A dystopian society often Rob's it's citizens of their basic freedom and or individualism . It  reduces them to sheep who must blindly follow the dictates of a tyrannical and unjust system.

Propaganda 

The existing power structure in a dystopian produces propaganda to keep the citizenry in line such propaganda might present a deceptive everything is fine picture of life in order to control the population or it might incite fear and  terror and thus generate an excuse to engage in further domination and subjugation .

Survival

The characters in a dystopian setting are in a fight to survive the oppressive condition in which they find themselves they must resort to extreme measures to protect themselves and those around them which usually means rebelling against the powers that be .

Technology 

Advancement in technology tend to play a key role in controlling or tracking the citizens of a dytopia rather than solving problems tecnology creats them damaging relationship reinforcing hierarchies and power structures and reducing quality of life.

Utopia and dystopian fiction are generes of speculative fiction that explore social and political structure . Utopian fiction portrays a setting that agrees with the authors ethos having various attributes of another reality intended to oppeal to readers Dystopian fiction offers the opposite the portrayal of a setting that completely disagree with the authors ethos some novels combine both gener often as a metaphor for the different directions humanity can take  depending on its choice ending up with one of two possible futures . Both utopian and dystopian are commonly found in science fiction and other types of speculative fiction.

India in 20th century literature

Indian English literature also referred to as Indian writing  in English is the body of work by writers in India who write in English language and whose native or co native language could be one of the numerous language of India. It's early history began with the works of Henry Louis Vivian  Derozio and Michael Madhusudan Dutt followed by Rabindranath Tagore and Sri Aurobindo. R.K Narayan  Mulk Raj Anand and Raj Rao contributed to the growth and popularity of Indian English fiction in the 1930s it is also associated in some cases with the works of members of the Indian diaspora who subsequently compose works in English.

It is frequently reffered to as Indo Anglian literature although some Indo Anglian works may be classified under the genre of postcolonial Literature the repertoire of Indian English literature encompasses a wide variety of themes and idelogies from the late eighteenth century to the present day and there by eludes easy categorisation .  

T.S Eliot : Tradition and Individual Telent

Introduction

 

T.S Eliot Tradition and Individual Telent was published in 1919 in the egoist- the times literary supplement wood. Essay on poetry and criticism in 1920 . This essay is described by David lodge as the most celebrated critical essay in the English of the 20th century. 

Tradition and Individual Telent.

                                                            

In his essay Traditional and Individual Telent Eliot spreads his concept of. Tradition which  reflects his reaction against romantic subjectivity and emotinalism . He also signifies the importance of the tradition he opines that tradition given the reader somthing new  something arresting something intellectual and something vital for literary conception 

 Tradition according to Eliot is that part of living culture inherited from the past and functionality is bound up with historical sense which is a perception that the part is not something lost and invalid. 

According to Eliot tradition is a living culture which is inherited from the past and also has an important function informing the present to Eliot tradition is bound up with historical sense of a poet or writer. Historical sense is a perception that is lost or invalid rather is has a function in the present. 

It exit with the present . It exacert it's influence in our ideas thought and consciousness. This is historical sense it is an awareness not only of the raotness of the past but the presence of the past on this sense the past is our contemporary as the present is . 

Tradition does not mean uncritical imitation of the past .Not does it mean only erudition . A writer draws on only the necessary knowlege of Tradition . He must use his freedom according to his need he cannot be completely detached often the most original moments of a work of art echo the mind of earlier writers . Though is sounds paradoxical it is true . It is paradoxical but true that even the most original writing sometimes reflect the thinking of the past or earlier writers . So there is nothing which is absolutely original. 

Questions and Answers

1) How would you like to explain Eliot s concept of Tradition ? Do you agree with it 

Yes I am agree with the concept of Tradition Eliot explains the concept of Tradition with wider sense most tradition used in negative sense . But Eliot says that it is not like that according to him because of the great past one can make novelty in work it's not merely imitating . It can't be inherited but it should be strive by great labour . It is not just copying the past but to be fit in with new awareness 

2) write two points or which one can write critique om T.S Eliot as a critic.

Eliot gives the concepts of : tradition individual talent depersonalization in this theory he describes the historical sense escaping from emotions . Also he emphasis the individual talent which one can strive by great labour.

3) What is the relationship between tradition and the individual talent according to the poet T.S Eliot ? 

In his essay Eliot very well explains the relationship between tradition and Individual talent Eliot says that tradition  means not just What comes inherited but it can be strive by great labour. For  that one should have individual talent. One can enhance this skill by great labour. For that he gives the example of Shakespeare. Shakespeare enhance his skill by wide reading of Greek  literature and . Homer by using this all things with creativity in his work . That's calls individual talent.

Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballads

 Wordsworth's Preface to Lyrical Ballads

 

Introduction

William wordsworth ( 7 April 1770 23 April 1850) was a major English romantic poet who with Samuel Taylor Coleridge helped to launch the romantic  age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads the year 1793 saw the first publication of poems by wordsworth in the collection an evening walk and description sketches in 1795 he received a legacy of good pounchs from raisley covert and became able to pursue a career as a poet .

Questions and Answers

1) What is the basic difference between the poitic creed classicism and romanticism? 

I think we find vital difference between the classicism and romanticism generally they are two ideologies classicism and romanticism. But it is different.

Classicism : 

Intellect is the guiding force while romanticism imagination is the guiding . We find romantic poets they did not believe in any kind of restrained ruling . They believe in liberty and freedom . Here i write both different description

The imitation primary of the style and aesthetic principals of ancient Greeks and Romans classical art and literature . The term neoclassical is often used in refering to revivals of classicism.

Roamnicism :

It is moment  in the literature that lasted from about 1750 to 1870 characterised by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach freedom of thought and expression and an idealization of nature so we understand this description though what is difference between classicism and romanticism.

2) why does wordsworth say what is poet ? Rather than who is poet.

A poet is a man speaking men endowed with more lively sensibility poet although the romantic place a lot of important on the inherent talent within a person to come up with poetry who certainly does not come from any other planet he is men .

3) what is poetic diction ? Which sort of poetic diction is suggested by wordsworth in his preface.

Diction means choose word poetic diction mean unique style of each individual poet Poetic diction mean language which really used by men to be with imotions which are genuine and much use humble and rustic life 

Poetic diction is suggested by wordsworth in his preface he says that the rustic life to be with emotions which are more genuine and therefore he is trying to capture in the words really used rustic men in their diction emotions which he finds to be closer to reality.

4) What is poetry ? 

Generally we say that poetry is  the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling according to wordsworth poetry is breath and finer spirit of all knowledge the impassioned expression that is in the countenance of all science poetry is the instrument for the propagation of moral thought.

5) Discuss Daffodils I wan dered lonely as a cloud with reference to wordsworth poitic creed.

Daffodils poem  diven in four stanza . This poem start this line 

I wandered lonely as a cloud....

Ten thousand saw I at a glance

This poem three Stanza is written in past tense and last Stanza written in present I feel this poem is such beautiful imagenary of words  first to last Stanza is example of his poetic creed . At the last Stanza poet remember daffodils it is recollect the daffodils mood last Stanza last time.

And then my heart with pleasure fins and dance with the daffodils this line also creat in readers mind in feel that spontaneous overflow powerful feeling.

John Dryden Essay on Dramatic poesy

Introduction

JOhn Dryden was a prominent English poet critic , translator and playwright. He was a Neo classic poet and his age come after the Elizabeth age. Dryden was father of English literature especially on drama are presented in dialogues from on an essay on Dramatic poesy . His some works here I note down The wild Gallant . The Indian Queen . The tempest all for love an evenings love sir Martin Mar all the assignations limberham or the king keeper.

His definition of the play 

A play ought to be a just and lively image of human nature  representing it's passion and humours and the Change of fortune to which it is subject for the delight and introduction of mankind 

Throughout the essay of dramatic poesy Dryden treats drama as a form of imagination literature and hence his remarks on drama apply to poetry as well.

His definition first line word 

A play ought  to be just and lively image according to this definition of drama is an image of human Nature and the image as is just and lively. By using the word just Dryden seems to imply the literature imitate human action for Dryden poetic imitation is different from an exact servile copy of reality for the imitation is not only just it is also lively . He insist on the words just and lively image of human nature.

What is role of imagination in the Play?

Many writers give us their view on imagination as like Plato says imagination is copy of imatate imagination as like something less than reality otherthing it is not slavish imagination creation that Dryden means by just and lively image of human nature . Because it is also lively for it is more hieghtens and beautiful reproduction thus the irregular plays of Shakespeare are praised for their loneliness for example Shakespeare play like Hamlet Othello Macbeth this type his plays like nowadays it is like loveliness. 

Before the discussion of which is better whether rhyme of blank verse .we have to have a clear concept of rhyme and the blank verse. A rhyme is a repitition of similar sound or the same sound in two or more words most ifren in poems and songs on the other hand a blank verse is the poetry written with regular metrical  but unrhymed lines almost always in lambic pentameter . It has been described as probably the most common and influential from that English poetry has taken since 16th century and Paul fusel has established that about three quarters of all English poetry is in blank verse. 

Questions and Answers

1) Do you any difference between Aristotle's definition of tragedy  and Dryden definition of play? 

Yes we see difference because Aristotle says that tragedy is an imitation of an action Aristotle believes that there is natural pleasure in imitation where as Dryden define play as just and lively image or human nature representing it is passion and humours and the change of fortune to which it is subject for the devite and instructions of mankind.

2) Do you think that the. Arguments presented in favour of the French plays and against English plays are appropriate ? 

I think arguments are presented in the favour of English play the plots of French play's are burren while English ones are copious to further the same action . The English plays have numbers of plots with the main plot and audience is important because of that in English plays there are all types of themes. 

3) what would be your preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogues are concerned in the Play ? 

I like poetry because dialogues of poetry are psychological and given  better understanding of human nature and the work of human mind . But it is for illiterate also and prosaic dialogues are easy to understand by every people. 

Aristotle's Poertics

 1) what is your understanding about Aristotle's Poetics

Plato was a well known philosopher and critic teacher of Aristotle and students of Socrates in middle of B.C.E  in Athen Greek and mostly influence by his teachers Socrates usually Plato uses his own philosophy in his writing and raised question against ancient   writing and other variety of things he himself as a great poet and born to be having dramatic qualities 

Although in literature philosopher has highest value as such has Plato but he attacks on the Idea of mimesis that means imitation . He raised questions against how they are writing on illusion and it leads people in the wrong direction because they have own imitation in different perspective to see the nature.

Nonetheless poet constantly uses the illusion and imitation of nature that is not actually based on the moral idea but it relates to the falsehood Plato said that poetry is immoral and further defined as philosophy is far  more better than the poetry art persist with the illusion and that appears in an imitation of an imitation in Plato's theory of mimesis 

Aristotle's reply to Plato's change

Plato says that art being the imitation of the actual is removed from the truth . It only gives the likeness of a thing in concrete and the likeness is always less than real but Plato fails to explain that art also gives something more which is absent in the actual . The artist does not simply reflect the real in the manner of a slavish imitation of reality literature is not  the exact reproduction of life in all its totality.

Mimesis is a term used in philosophy and literary criticism it describes the process of imitation or mimicry through which artists portey and interpret the world. Mimesis in not a literary device or techniques but rather a way of thinking about a work of art.

2) Questions and Answer 

1) How far do you agree with Plato's objection to freedom of expression and and artistic liberty enjoyed by creative writers?( Name the texts novels plays , poems , movies, tv show etc which can be rightfully injected and banned with reference to Plato's objection.

We live  a good life because we live our life with mortality but if we want to live a perfect life we should follow the idea's of Aristotle but I agree with Plato's freedom of expression and objectionable artistic freedom by writers . According to me Plato is right because many flims magazines categories are producing bad impression in society and spoil the minds sense of concern for the thinkers.

2) Have you  studied any tragedies during BA programme? Who was / were the tragic protagonist /s in those tragedies what was their Hamartia? 

I have studied Othello tragedies during B.A programme Othello was the tragic protagonist in those tragedies

Hamartia meaning of Brutal Commutation

3) With reference to the literary texts you have studies during B.A programme write brief note on the texts which did NoT follow Aristotelian literary tragedy tradition ( ie his concept of tragedy catharsis tragic hero with Hamartia etc.) 

I have studies during BA programme write brief note on the texts Othello did NOT follow Aristotelian literary tradition. 

Puritan Age

P - 105 Assignment

Name - Nehalba Gohil

Paper - History of English literature

Roll no - 15 

Enrollment no - 4069206420210009

Email id - nehalbagohil26@gmail.com

Batch - MA sem-1

Submitted to - S.B. Gardi Department of English

Maharaja Krishnakurarsinhji Bhavanagar University

The Puritan Age

The period between 1625 and 1675 is known as the “Puritan Age (or John Milton’s Age)”, because during the period, Puritan standards prevailed in England, and also because the greatest literary figure John Milton (1608-1674) was a Puritan. The Puritans struggled for righteousness and liberty.

General Characteristics of the Age of Milton

(i) Civil War: 

The entire period was dominated by the civil war, which divided the people into two factions, one loyal to the King and the other opposed to him. English people had remained one and united and loyal to the sovereign. The crisis began when James I, who had recoined the right of royalty from an Act of Parliament, gave too much premium to the Divine Right and began to ignore Parliament which had created him. The Puritans, who had become a potent force in the social life of the age, heralded the movement for constitutional reforms. The hostilities, which began in 1642, lasted till the execution of Charles I in 1649. There was little political stability during the interregnum of eleven years which followed. These turbulent years saw the establishment of the Common­wealth, the rise of Oliver Cromwell, the confusion which followed upon his death, and, finally, the restoration of monarchy in 1660.

(ii) The Puritan Movement: 

The Renaissance, which exercised immense influence on Elizabethan literature, was essentially pagan and sensuous. It did not concern the moral nature of man, and it brought little relief from the despotism of rulers. “The Puritan movement,” says W. J. Long, “may be regarded a second and greater Renaissance, a rebirth of the moral nature of man following the intellectual awakening of Europe in the fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries.” In Germany and England the Renaissance was accompanied by a moral awakening, “that greatest moral and political reform which ever swept ‘over a nation in the short space of half a century”, which is meant by the Puritan movement. Puritanism had two chief objects: the first was personal righteousness; the second was civil and personal liberty. In other words, it aimed to make men honest and to make them free.

“Though the spirit of the Puritan movement was profoundly religious, the Puritans were not a religious sect; neither was the Puritan a narrow-minded and gloomy dogmatist, as he is still pictured in the histories.” Hampden, Eliot, Milton, Hooker and Cromwell were Puritans.

From a religious viewpoint Puritanism included all shades of belief. In course of time “Puritanism became a great national movement. It included English Churchmen as well as extreme Separatists, Calvinists, Covenanters, Catholic noblemen,— all bound together in resistance to despotism in Church and State, and with a passion for liberty and righteousness such as the world has never since seen,” says W. J. Long.

During the Puritan rule of Cromwell severe laws were passed, simple pleasures were forbidden, theatres were closed, and an austere standard of living was forced upon an unwilling people. So there was rebellion against Puritanism, which ended with the Restoration of King Charles ll.

Literary Characteristics of the Age of Milton

(i) Influence of Puritanism: 

The influence of Puritanism upon English life and literature was profound. The spirit which it introduced was fine and noble but it was hard and stern. The Puritan’s integrity and uprightness is unquestionable but his fanaticism, his moroseness and the narrowness of his outlook and sympathies were deplorable. In his over-enthusiasm to react against prevailing abuses, he denounced the good things of life, condemned science and art, ignored the appreciation of beauty, which invigorates secular life. Puritanism destroyed human culture and sought to confine human culture within the circumscribed field of its own particular interests. It was fatal to both art and literature.

Puritanism created confusion in literature. Sombreness and pensiveness pervaded poetry of this period. The spirit of gaiety, of youthful vigour and vitality, of romance and chivalry which distinguished Elizabethan literature was conspicuous by its absence. In the words of W. J. Long: “Poetry took new and startling forms in Donne and Herbert, and prose became as sombre as Burton’s The Anatomy of Melancholy. The spiritual gloom which sooner or later fastens upon all writers of this age, and which is unjustly attributed to Puritan influence, is due to the breaking up of accepted standards in religion and government. This so-called gloomy age produced some minor poems of exquisite work­manship, and one great master of verse whose work would glorify any age or people, —John Milton, in whom the indomitable Puritan spirit finds its noblest expression.”

(ii) Want of Vitality and Concreteness: 

The literature of this period lacks in concreteness and vitality. Shakespeare stands first and foremost for the concrete realities of life; his words and phrases tingle with vitality and thrill with warmth. Milton is concerned rather with theorising about life, his lines roll over the mind with sonorous majesty, now and again thrilling us as Shakespeare did with the fine excess of creative genius, but more often impressing us with their stateliness and power, than moving us by their tenderness and passion. Puritanism began with Ben Jonson, though it found its greatest prose exponent in Bunyan. W. J. Long writes: “Elizabethan literature is generally inspiring; it throbs with youth and hope and vitality. That which follows speaks of age and sadness; even its brightest hours are followed by gloom, and by the pessimism inseparable from the passing of old standards.”

(iii) Want of the Spirit of Unity: 

Despite diversity, the Elizabethan literature was marked by the spirit of unity, which resulted from the intense patriotism and nationalism of all classes, and their devotion and loyalty to the Queen who had a singleminded mission to seek the nation’s welfare. During this period James I and Charles II were hostile to the interests of the people. The country was divided by the struggle for political and religious liberty; and the literature was as divided in spirit as were the struggling parties.

(iv) Dominance of Critical and Intellectual Spirit: 

The critical and intellectual spirit, instead of the romantic spirit which prevailed on Elizabethan literature, dominates the literature of this period. W. J. Long writes: “In the literature of the Puritan period one looks in vain for romantic ardour. Even in the lyrics and love poems a critical, intellectual spirit takes its place, and whatever romance asserts itself is in form rather than in feeling, a fantastic and artificial adornment of speech rather than the natural utterance of a heart in which sentiment is so strong and true that poetry is its only expression.”

(v) Decay of Drama: 

This period is remarkable for the decay of drama. The civil disturbances and the strong opposition of the Puritans was the main cause of the collapse of drama. The actual dramatic work of the period was small and unimportant. The closing of the theatres in 1642 gave a final jolt to the development of dra

 

Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy

 P - 104 Assignment

Name - Nehalba Gohil

Paper - victorians Literature

Roll no - 15 

Email id - nehalbagohil26@gmail.com

Enrollment no - 4069206420210009

Batch -  MA sem-1

Submitted to - S.B.Gardi Department of English

Maharaja Krishnakurarsinhji Bhavanagar University

Jude the Obscure

Thomas Hardy

Jude Fawley dreams of studying at the university in Christminster, but his background as an orphan raised by his working-class aunt leads him instead into a career as a stonemason. He is inspired by the ambitions of the town schoolmaster, Richard Phillotson, who left for Christminster when Jude was a child. However, Jude falls in love with a young woman named Arabella, is tricked into marrying her, and cannot leave his home village. When their marriage goes sour and Arabella moves to Australia, Jude resolves to go to Christminster at last. However, he finds that his attempts to enroll at the university are met with little enthusiasm.

Jude meets his cousin Sue Bridehead and tries not to fall in love with her. He arranges for her to work with Phillotson in order to keep her in Christminster, but is disappointed when he discovers that the two are engaged to be married. Once they marry, Jude is not surprised to find that Sue is not happy with her situation. She can no longer tolerate the relationship and leaves her husband to live with Jude.

Both Jude and Sue get divorced, but Sue does not want to remarry. Arabella reveals to Jude that they have a son in Australia, and Jude asks to take him in. Sue and Jude serve as parents to the little boy and have two children of their own. Jude falls ill, and when he recovers, he decides to return to Christminster with his family. They have trouble finding lodging because they are not married, and Jude stays in an inn separate from Sue and the children. At night Sue takes Jude's son out to look for a room, and the little boy decides that they would be better off without so many children. In the morning, Sue goes to Jude's room and eats breakfast with him. They return to the lodging house to find that Jude's son has hanged the other two children and himself. Feeling she has been punished by God for her relationship with Jude, Sue goes back to live with Phillotson, and Jude is tricked into living with Arabella again. Jude dies soon after.

Characters - 

Jude Fawley

The novel’s protagonist, a poor orphan who is raised by his great-aunt after his parents divorced and died. Jude dreams of attending the university at Christminister, but he fails to be accepted because of… read analysis of Jude Fawley

Sue Bridehead

The novel’s other protagonist and Jude’s cousin. Sue’s parents were divorced and she was raised in London and Christminster. She is an extremely intelligent woman who rejects Christianity and flirts with paganism, despite… read analysis of Sue Bridehead

Arabella Donn

Jude’s first wife, a vain, sensual woman who is the daughter of a pig farmer. She decides to marry Jude and so tricks him into marrying her by pretending to be pregnant. Arabella sees… read analysis of Arabella Donn

Richard Phillotson

Jude’s schoolmaster at Marygreen who moves to Christminster and fails to be accepted at the university there. Phillotson remains as a teacher, and he later hires Sue and falls in love with her. They… read analysis of Richard Phillotson

Little Father Time

Jude’s son with Arabella, he was born in Australia and sent to England to live with Jude years later. The boy was never named or given love, and his nickname is “Little… read analysis of Little Father Time

Minor Characters

Drusilla Fawley

Jude and Sue’s great-aunt, the woman who raises Jude. She is generally bad-natured, always warning Jude not to get married because of his family's past "curse" in marriages, and lamenting that he didn’t die with his parents.

The Widow Edwin

An old woman who takes care of Drusilla and then befriends Jude and Sue. She is always looking out for their best interests and lamenting the state of marriage in modern times.

Gillingham

Phillotson’s friend, a schoolteacher who usually advises him to take the most sensible and conventional route.

Physician Vilbert

A quack-doctor who travels constantly and sells false remedies to people in small towns. He tricks the young Jude into advertising for him for free, and later in life he woos Arabella as Jude is dying.

Farmer Troutman

A farmer who beats and fires the young Jude for being merciful to the crows he is supposed to be scaring.

Mr. Donne's

Arabella’s father, a pig farmer and then butcher who has little love for his daughter but is a willing accomplice in her attempt to "trap" Jude.

Cartlett

Arabella’s second husband whom she met in Australia.

Anny and Sarah

Arabella’s friends who advise her on how to “trap” Jude into marriage.

Miss Fontover

Sue’s religious landlady, who smashes Sue’s statues of Apollo and Venus and then kicks her out.

The Undergraduate

Sue’s friend from years before, a nonreligious but moral man who was Sue’s intellectual mentor and her platonic roommate. He fell in love with her but Sue rejected him.

The Composer

A man who writes the hymn “The Foot of the Cross.” Jude visits him but finds that the composer is shallow and greedy.

Uncle Joe & Tinker Taylor

Two of Jude’s stonemason companions in Christminster.

The Christminster Landlady

A woman who takes in Sue and the children when no one else will, and then helps the family deal with their children’s deaths.

Challow

A pig-killer who never shows up, forcing Jude to kill his and Arabella's pig, m